How was Material Transported on the Great Wall in Ancient Times?

In ancient times, transporting materials on the Great Wall was a challenging yet ingenious feat. Given the vast length and often rugged terrain along which the Great Wall was built, various methods were employed. For shorter distances, manpower was the primary means. Laborers carried bricks, stones, and other construction materials on their backs or using simple tools like poles and baskets. In some areas, animals such as donkeys and mules were used to haul heavier loads. They were led along narrow paths and makeshift roads that wound their way up the mountainsides. For longer distances, especially when transporting larger quantities of materials, the use of carts was prevalent. However, the uneven and steep terrain required the construction of special ramp-like paths to enable the carts to ascend and descend. Additionally, waterways were utilized when possible. Materials were loaded onto boats and transported along rivers and canals that were close to the construction sites. This combination of human, animal, and water power, along with the careful planning of transportation routes, ensured the continuous supply of materials needed for the construction and maintenance of the Great Wall, despite the arduous conditions.